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题目材料：
In the early twentieth century, Clements proposed an ecological theory that, while challenged by scientists from its inception, has continued to influence popular conceptions of nature, Clements argued that plants form communities of interdependent species and that these communities function as "superorganisms" that develop over time in a predictable succession of stages to a ”climax" formation. Thus forests, for example, if undisturbed by humans, will evolve toward a stable community of old-growth trees. However, many botanists immediately pointed out that these supposed superorganisms have no clear edges: while pine forests and hardwood forests might appear to constitute two distinct superorganisms, one of them can blend imperceptibly into the other. Gleason pointed out in 1927 that what Clements called succession often proceeds in both directions simultaneously: prairie gives way to pie woods in one spot while pines give way to prairie in another Gleason also emphasized the role that chance disturbance, such as fire or variations in rainfall, plays in determining the shape of the landscape.
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