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For Year X, which of the following is closest to the total length, in months, of the time period during which no pollen was produced by trees or grasses in any of the six regions?
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Robert Bakker suggested that plant-eating dinosaurs "invented" flowering plants. He concluded that while Late Jurassic browsers fed on foliage in the canopy and subcanopy layers, the later Cretaceous dinosaurs were predominately grazers that indiscriminately clipped flora to near-ground levels. And because angiosperms (flowering plants) grow and reproduce quickly, early angiosperms would have recovered from this clear-cutting faster than non-flowering gymnosperms, giving them a competitive advantage that eventually led to their dominance. Some argue, however, that most Cretaceous dinosaurs probably did not graze vegetation to the ground and that both angiosperm and gymnosperm seedlings would have survived. They also object to Bakker' s comparison of widespread dinosaur herbivory to mammalian grazing on grasslands, given the absence of evidence that such habitats occurred during the Cretaceous.
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It can be inferred that Bakker would be most likely to agree with which of the following claims about angiosperms?
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The author mentions "canopy and subcanopy layers" primarily in order to
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Because coal contains toxic materials such as arsenic and lead, and its use contributes to air pollution and acid rain, one might therefore conclude that no good case could be made for burning it for fuel. But that depends on where one is starting from. Switching to coal from firewood is beneficial for both the environment and the health of the individual. Firewood use results in deforestation, loss of ecosystems, and degradation of soil quality. Wood fires are also sooty, and their particulates contribute to global warming by decreasing the reflectivity of snowfields. Finally, firewood is generally burned in homes with poor ventilation and poses a greater health risk to the individuals than they would experience from a coal-fired utility that provides electricity to their homes.
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The passage indicates which of the following about firewood? (Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.)
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The author mentions arsenic and lead primarily in order to
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For how many of the five vehicle types is the number of silver vehicles less than 20 percent of the total number of vehicles of that type?
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By approximately what percent does the total number of green vehicles exceed the total number of brown vehicles?
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For the 5 vehicle types and 6 vehicle colors, what is the average (arithmetic mean) number of vehicles per type per color, rounded to the nearest whole number?
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According to the distribution shown above, which age-group contains the median age of Internet users?
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Predators of herbivores can influence the structure and dynamics of plant communities in two ways: by reducing herbivore density or by modifying herbivore behavior. Whereas density-mediated effects generally affect all plants, behavioral effects often cause herbivores to change their relative use of different parts of their habitat. This can lead to a redistribution of herbivore damage on different plant species, for example, when plant-eating insects shift from preferred but risky plant species to less nutritious plants that offer refuge. A well-documented example involves predatory nursery-web spiders-a species that typically inhabits only the upper canopy of grasses. In systems where the spiders are present, grasshoppers shift their feeding activity toward ground level, thereby increasing the relative consumption of goldenrod over Kentucky bluegrass.
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The passage suggests which of the following about grasshoppers?
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The passage suggests which of the following about predators that modify herbivore behavior?
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Study of the Hebraic literature of ancient Palestine may eventually be furthered by recent discoveries of manuscripts at another ancient Middle Eastern site, Ugarit (in modern Syria), despite the fact that Ugarit was destroyed at around the time Hebraic culture was first emerging and despite the differences between the Ugaritic and Hebraic languages. Though their languages were closer to each other than to other Semitic languages, speakers of Ugaritic would probably not have understood speakers of Hebrew, and vice versa. Yet the two cultures' respective literatures exhibit similarities, especially in their poetry, and particularly in their poems' structural patterns and rhetorical uses of repetition. These and other parallel poetic devices indicate that the two cultures shared a poetic heritage, but scholars do not yet know how the devices came to be shared and to what extent they were traditional in each culture. Answering such questions will require the discovery of unimpeachably authentic literary remains from the five centuries that separate the Ugaritic and the Hebrew texts.
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It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that the discovery of the "literary remains" might do which of the following?
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Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the literary texts discovered at Ugarit?
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Information in the passage supports which of the following statements about Ugarit?
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Musicologist: Music critics writing for the general public in the early nineteenth century in Paris routinely disparaged the symphonies and operas of the eighteenth-century composer Mozart. But it is likely that these works by Mozart were nevertheless very popular among ordinary Parisian concertgoers, since a significant proportion of the extant programs from large public concerts given in the early nineteenth century in Paris feature Mozart' s symphonies and operas.
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