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Which of the following can be inferred about the studies mentioned in the highlighted portion of the passage?
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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United State women won the vote in 1920 after decades of campaigning. Yet, the impact on women`s status was more limited than women`s rights activists had anticipated. Women were granted suffrage at a historical point when voting was no longer a significant political activity for many Americans. In the mid-nineteenth century, when women first sought suffrage rights, voter turnout rates were unprecedentedly high, elections in much of the country very competitive, and political parties important. But when women finally received the vote in 1920, electoral politics was largely noncompetitive, with virtual one-party rule in many areas, and voter turnout had slipped to its all-time low. Nonetheless, the vote still mattered enough for women to seek it and for conservatives to try to restrict its availability.
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The author of the passage discusses voter turnout rates primarily in order to
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The author of the passage mentions conservatives in the highlighted sentence primarily in order to
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Unlike the static, classically composed portraits produced by her mentor Walker Evans, twentieth-century New York photographer Helen Levitt`s photographs seem candid and spontaneous. Whereas Evans` subjects look directly into the camera, so that photographer and subject conspire in the making of a portrait, Levitt`s subjects seem caught unawares. As a "street" photographer, before the term`s invention, Levitt has claimed to have attempted to capture life as she found it. But there is a paradox to her technique. Her off-the-cuff aesthetic seemingly guarantees objectivity, since she was recording street scenes she happened upon, yet her photographs could be said to be highly subjective, to be reflections of Levitt`s own distinctive preoccupations and ways of seeing. Unlike Evans` images, Levitt`s are solely the products of the photographer without the conscious participation of their subjects. The repetitions evident in Levitt`s choices of subjects, for example, her many photographs of children in masks and disguises, reveal more about Levitt herself than about those subjects.
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According to the passage, which of the following appears to ensure the objectivity of Levitt`s photographs?
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The passage asserts which of the following about Evans` portrait photographs?
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The passage suggests which of the following about street photography?
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The expectation that science is a stable body of relatively objective knowledge on which the law can draw to settle legal controversies may seem benign. However, this expectation often corresponds to a romantic notion of the scientific enterprise and thereby eclipses not only the instabilities and controversies within science itself, but also the social and rhetorical aspects of even the best science. We see the idealization of science in law whenever there is a presumption that if two scientific experts disagree, one of them must be a "junk scientist". This presumption ignores the theoretical presuppositions and limitations of data that lead to genuine scientific disputes. We also see the idealization of science in law whenever we associate "bias, interest, and motivation" with unreliable expertise. This association missed the practical advances made by scientists who have strong theoretical biases, institutional interests, and financial motivations. Finally, we see the idealization of science in law whenever a legislator, administrator, or judge demands certainty from science, not recognizing its probabilistic nature and dynamic history. It is neither a critique of scientific progress nor an exaggeration to acknowledge scientific debates, the conventional aspects of scientific methodology, the importance of networking and "social capital" with respect to publications and grants, and the persuasive elements in scientific discourse. To think that these features are somehow markers of bad science is to idealize science.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The author suggests that which of the following can lead to the dismissal of a scientific expert as a junk scientist?
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The author mentions "scientists who have strong theoretical biases, institutional interests, and financial motivations" primarily in order to
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Only since the Second World War has graphic design been categorized as a field worth knowing about and preserving, and most design collections have been narrowly defined. There are few extant archives of advertisements, some design collections include only political posters by established artists, other collections focus on such specific historical documents as election posters. Rigidly defined collections like these can foster pigeonholed concepts of design history. In contrast, Merrill Berman`s ambitious reach as a collector- one that includes avant-graphics, anonymous political posters, and commercial advertisements- preserves graphics in a wide range to show how graphic designs pervade a culture, not in isolation from on another but all mixed together part of the daily inundation of meanings and visual stimulation.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the highlight sentence
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The ability to recognize specific individuals has profound implications for the evolution of complex social behaviors such as reciprocal altruism. Many researchers assumed that recognition of individuals, a phenomenon predominantly observed in laboratory studies of fish, might also operate extensively in free-ranging fish populations, where it could underpin these complex interactions. In fact, evidence of individual recognition in free-ranging fish populations is equivocal. The possibility exists that for many species, individual recognition observed in the laboratory might be an artifact of experimental designs, which enforce prolonged interaction between individuals and which prevent the diluting effects on social structure of immigration into and emigration from the shoal, factors that in nature would erode group stability and prevent the learning of individual identities.
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Click on the sentence in the passage that speculates about the effect of human intervention on an observation.
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