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Montesquieu' s influence on James Madison and other founders of the American republic, particularly evident in the theory of separation of powers that informs the United States Constitution, is well noted by scholars. Madison' s critique of elements of Montesquieu' s political philosophy, however, has been given scant attention. The crux of Madison' s criticism concerned Montesquieu' s praise for the British system of balanced government. According to Montesquieu, the institutional and corporate division of powers and checks and balances established in Britain provided for political moderation and made the English constitution the model of free government in the modern world. Most English politicians and writers agreed with the general assumptions underlying the theory of balanced government advocated by Montesquieu; their disagreement essentially concerned whether the parts of their government were effectively separated and balanced and thus whether liberty was sufficiently protected. A number of French thinkers disagreed with Montesquieu' s assumptions, rejecting their countryman' s theory of balanced government as any real guarantee of stability or safeguard for liberty. Interestingly, when Madison publicly invoked the name of Montesquieu in his writings of the early 1790s, it was primarily to challenge rather than to celebrate the political wisdom of the French oracle. Madison' s proposed alternative to Montesquieu' s vaunted British model was grounded in the recognition of public opinion as the ruling authority in republican government.
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