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Predators of herbivores can influence the structure and dynamics of plant communities in two ways: by reducing herbivore density or by modifying herbivore behavior. Whereas density-mediated effects generally affect all plants, behavioral effects often cause herbivores to change their relative use of different parts of their habitat. This can lead to a redistribution of herbivore damage on different plant species, for example, when plant-eating insects shift from preferred but risky plant species to less nutritious plants that offer refuge. A well-documented example involves predatory nursery-web spiders-a species that typically inhabits only the upper canopy of grasses. In systems where the spiders are present, grasshoppers shift their feeding activity toward ground level, thereby increasing the relative consumption of goldenrod over Kentucky bluegrass.

The passage suggests which of the following about predators that modify herbivore behavior?

A.They are typically better hunters than density-reducing predators.
B.They often cause their prey to consume only the most nutritious foods available.
C.Their presence can cause plants to change their relative use of available nutrients.
D.Their effect on an ecosystem is usually less noticeable than that of density-reducing predators.
E.Their presence can affect some plant species more than others.

E显示答案

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